PRIMA WIYATA HEALTH

MAPPING PNEUMONIA IN TODDLERS: THE ROLE OF POPULATION DENSITY, SANITATION, AND HEALTH FACILITIES IN NORTH SUMATERA PROVINCE 2022-2023

2025-07-17T21:31:34+07:00

Background: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children under five years of age in Indonesia. This age group is vulnerable due to their immature immune systems. Environmental factors such as population detnsity, poor sanitation, and limited health care facilities exacerbate this condition.

Objectives: This study aims to map the spatial distribution of pneumonia cases in toddlers in North Sumatra Province in 2022–2023, as well as analyze its relationship with population density, sanitation conditions, and the number of health facilities.

Methods: This study used a region-based ecological design with spatial analysis. Secondary data were obtained from the North Sumatra Central Statistics Agency and analyzed using QGIS through spatial overlay techniques.

Results: Deli Serdang Regency recorded the highest number of pneumonia cases in both years, with 1,322 cases (2022) and 2,452 cases (2023). Although Medan City has the highest population density, the number of cases is not always proportional. Areas with poor sanitation access, such as South Nias, showed an increase in cases, while areas with high health facilities continued to record high incidents.

Conclusion: Environmental factors collectively influence the distribution of pneumonia in toddlers in North Sumatra. Spatial analysis is effective for identifying priority areas for public health interventions.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRON INHIBITORS AND SLEEP QUALITY WITH HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS

2025-11-17T19:56:39+07:00

Background: Adolescents are at greater risk of anemia. One indicator of anemia is hemoglobin. Frequent consumption of iron inhibitors can inhibit iron absorption, thereby lowering hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, adolescents with poor sleep quality are 2.9 times more likely to experience low hemoglobin levels. The negative impact of low hemoglobin levels can lead to decreased concentration and academic achievement, ultimately impacting the quality of human resources in the long term.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the frequency of iron inhibitor consumption and sleep quality on hemoglobin levels in female adolescents at SMAN 6 Bekasi.

Methods: This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The sample size was 100 female students of SMAN 6 Bekasi, selected by the consecutive sampling method. Data were collected using questionnaires, namely the Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Validity and reliability tests have been conducted on the PSQI questionnaire, with the results of 19 valid and reliable questions. This device measures the hemoglobin level in a blood sample using a brief electrical potential change generated by the chemical interaction between the electrode and the strip.

Results: The results of the analysis using Chi-square showed a p-value on the variable frequency of consumption of iron inhibitors > 0.05 and variable sleep quality < 0.05 with OR 2.923 (95% CI OR: 1.245-6.865).

Conclusion: Most respondents consumed iron inhibitor sources, but the frequency of consumption was not related to hemoglobin levels, while sleep quality showed a significant relationship with hemoglobin levels.

THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION MEDIA BOOKLET ON FOOT HYGIENE CARE ON DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS AT MELIA MEDIKA CLINIC PAMEKASAN

2025-11-18T11:01:24+07:00

Background: Lack of knowledge about proper foot hygiene is a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus. Health education using booklets is seen as an educational strategy that can improve understanding and practice of foot care.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of health education using booklet media on foot hygiene care in diabetes mellitus patients at the Melia Medika Pamekasan Clinic.

Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest approach with a control group. The sample consisted of 46 respondents, divided into an intervention group and a control group of 23 respondents each, selected using a simple random sampling technique. The intervention group received health education using a booklet, while the control group received health education without a booklet. Data were collected using a foot hygiene care questionnaire and analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with a significance level of 0.05.

Results: The analysis showed a difference in foot hygiene scores before and after the intervention in the group receiving health education using booklets (p < 0.05). Changes in scores in the control group did not show a significant increase compared to the intervention group.

Conclusion: Health education using booklets has significantly improved foot hygiene care in patients with diabetes mellitus. Booklets can be used as a supportive educational tool for the ongoing prevention of diabetic foot complications.

THE EFFECT OF GINGER BREWING ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN ELDERLY HYPERTENSION IN TUGUSUMBERJO VILLAGE

2025-12-10T08:59:49+07:00

Background: Hypertension in the elderly is caused by changes in blood vessels that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ginger contains gingerol and flavonoids, which can improve blood circulation, helping to lower blood pressure in hypertensive elderly people.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of boiled ginger on blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension in Tugusumberjo Village.

Methods: This research design used the Quasi-Experimental method with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample consisted of 37 respondents determined using the Isaac and Michael formula through a purposive sampling technique. The data collection tool was an observation sheet, and data analysis used the Wilcoxon Test because the data was not normally distributed, so the analysis was carried out with a non-parametric test.

Results: This reduction in blood pressure occurs due to the gingerol and flavonoids in ginger, which help dilate blood vessels and improve circulation. With wider blood vessels, blood can flow more smoothly, so the heart doesn't have to work as hard to pump it. Ginger also stimulates the release of the hormone adrenaline, which helps improve blood flow, ultimately helping to lower blood pressure more naturally.

Conclusion: Research shows that boiled ginger is effective in lowering blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension. The natural ingredients in ginger support blood vessel health, making this herbal drink worth considering as part of a healthy lifestyle to control blood pressure when consumed regularly.

SELF-HELP GROUP INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE DIETARY COMPLIANCE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

2026-01-05T12:58:38+07:00

Background: Dietary non-compliance remains a major challenge in the management of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and contributes to poor glycemic control and disease complications. Social support–based interventions, such as self-help groups, have been increasingly recognized as effective strategies to improve self-management behaviors among patients with chronic diseases.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of a self-help group intervention on dietary compliance among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Methods: This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. A total of 60 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who attended a primary health care center were selected using purposive sampling. Dietary compliance was measured using a structured questionnaire before and after the self-help group intervention. The intervention consisted of group education sessions, peer discussion, and mutual support activities. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results: Before the intervention, the majority of participants (85.0%) were categorized as non-compliant with dietary recommendations. After the self-help group intervention, dietary compliance significantly increased, with 78.3% of participants categorized as compliant. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in dietary compliance before and after the intervention (p = 0.000).

Conclusion: The self-help group intervention significantly improved dietary compliance among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This approach can be considered an effective and feasible strategy for diabetes management education in primary health care settings.

THE EFFECT OF A FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION–BASED NUTRITION EDUCATION MODULE ON CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AMONG FAMILY ASSISTANCE TEAM MEMBERS IN STUNTING PREVENTION

2025-11-18T10:59:31+07:00

Background: Stunting remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, requiring active involvement of community-based human resources, including Family Assistance Teams (FATs), in supporting families at risk. However, limited nutritional knowledge among FAT members may reduce the effectiveness of stunting prevention efforts.

Objective: This study aimed to examine changes in nutritional knowledge among FAT members following the implementation of a nutrition education module delivered through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) approach.

Methods: A quantitative pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted. A total of 30 FAT members were selected using simple random sampling. Participants received a structured nutrition education module facilitated through FGD sessions. Nutritional knowledge was assessed before and after the intervention using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to evaluate differences in knowledge scores before and after the intervention.

Result: The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in nutritional knowledge scores following the FGD-based education module (p < 0.05), indicating a meaningful difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements.

Conclusion: The FGD-based nutrition education module was associated with improved nutritional knowledge among Family Assistance Team members. Nevertheless, given the absence of a control group, causal inferences should be interpreted with caution. Further studies employing controlled or experimental designs are recommended to confirm effectiveness and to assess the impact of improved knowledge on practical stunting prevention outcomes.

EFFECTIVENESS OF A COMBINED LABOR DANCE AND BIRTH BALL INTERVENTION IN REDUCING THE DURATION OF THE ACTIVE PHASE OF THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOR

2025-11-18T11:06:52+07:00

Background: Prolonged labor remains a significant contributor to maternal and neonatal complications, particularly during the active phase of the first stage of labor. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as labor dance and birth ball exercises, have been proposed to facilitate labor progress by enhancing maternal comfort and promoting effective uterine contractions.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a combined labor dance and birth ball intervention in reducing the duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted among 30 laboring women in the active phase of the first stage of labor. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and assigned to either an intervention group, which received a combination of labor dance and birth ball exercises, or a control group that received standard care. The duration of the active phase was measured using an observation sheet and analyzed using an independent t-test.

Result: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the duration of the active phase between the intervention and control groups (p = 0.02). Women who received the combined labor dance and birth ball intervention experienced a shorter active phase compared to those in the control group.

Conclusion: The combination of labor dance and birth ball exercises is effective in shortening the duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor. This intervention may serve as a safe, feasible, and non-pharmacological alternative to support normal labor progress in maternity care settings.

MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AT LOA BAKUNG PRIMARY HEALTH CENTER, SAMARINDA

2026-01-11T10:14:55+07:00

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental disorder associated with impaired functioning and high relapse rates. Medication nonadherence remains a major challenge in maintaining mental health stability, particularly in primary health care settings where resources are limited.

Objectives: To examine the association between medication adherence and mental health status among outpatients with schizophrenia at Puskesmas Loa Bakung Samarinda.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted from October to November 2024 involving 40 outpatients with schizophrenia selected through total sampling. Medication adherence was assessed using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), while mental health status was measured using the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05.

Results: Most participants had low medication adherence (57.5%) and experienced mild psychological distress (47.5%). Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between medication adherence and mental health status (p < 0.001), with patients who had moderate to high adherence showing a lower likelihood of psychological distress (OR = 0.032; 95% CI: 0.003–0.295).

Conclusion: Medication adherence was significantly associated with mental health status among outpatients with schizophrenia in a primary health care setting. These findings indicate an important relationship between adherence and psychological condition, although causal conclusions cannot be drawn due to the cross-sectional design.

FAMILY SUPPORT AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE

2026-01-11T10:20:27+07:00

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder requiring long-term pharmacological treatment. Medication non-adherence remains a major challenge and contributes to relapse and rehospitalization. In primary healthcare settings, family support is considered a key psychosocial factor influencing medication adherence.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between family support and medication adherence among outpatients with schizophrenia in a primary healthcare setting.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Puskesmas Loa Bakung Samarinda, Indonesia. A total of 40 schizophrenia outpatients were recruited using total sampling. Family support was measured using the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, while medication adherence was assessed with the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, with odds ratio (OR) estimation at a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results: Of the respondents, 52.5% reported sufficient to high family support, while 47.5% reported low support. Medication adherence was categorized as low in 57.5% of patients, moderate in 17.5%, and high in 25.0%. A significant association was found between family support and medication adherence (p = 0.022). Patients with low family support had a sixfold higher risk of non-adherence compared to those with sufficient or high family support (OR = 6.094).

Conclusion: Family support is significantly associated with medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia in primary healthcare. Strengthening family involvement in community-based mental health services is essential to improve adherence and reduce the risk of relapse.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FAMILY SUPPORT AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG OUTPATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

2026-01-12T14:05:01+07:00

Background: Outpatients with schizophrenia still face the risk of mental health distress despite regular treatment. Family support is considered an important psychosocial factor that potentially plays a role in maintaining stable mental health. However, empirical evidence regarding the relationship between family support and mental health in patients with schizophrenia in primary healthcare settings is limited, particularly in the outpatient setting.

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the relationship between family support and mental health in outpatients with schizophrenia.

Methods: This study used a quantitative analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects were 40 outpatients with schizophrenia registered at the Loa Bakung Community Health Center, Samarinda, who were selected using total sampling. Family support was measured using the Duke–UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire (FSSQ), while mental health was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Data were analyzed descriptively and bivariately using the Chi-square test with continuity correction, and presented with Odds Ratio (OR) values and 95% confidence intervals with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results: The analysis results showed that the majority of respondents were in a state of mental health distress (72.5%). There was a statistically significant relationship between family support and the mental health of schizophrenia patients (p = 0.008). Respondents with adequate to high family support were less likely to experience mental health distress than respondents with low family support (OR = 0.061; 95% CI: 0.007–0.545).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant association between family support and mental health in outpatients with schizophrenia. However, given the cross-sectional design and limited sample size, these results cannot be used to conclude a causal relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of family support as a psychosocial factor that needs to be considered in community-based mental health services.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERMENTATION DURATION ON THE NUTRITION CONTENT OF AVICENNIA MARINA LEAF FLOUR FERMENTED WITH RHIZOPUS ORYZAE

2026-01-11T10:18:29+07:00

Background: Avicennia marina has a higher protein content than other mangrove species, making it a promising plant for wider use. Processing Avicennia marina leaves into flour can improve their usability and extend shelf life. However, studies on how processing affects the nutritional value of this leaf flour are still limited. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of fermentation duration on the nutritional value of Avicennia marina leaf flour. Rhizopus oryzae was used as the fermentation agent.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation duration on the nutritional value of Avicennia marina leaf flour fermented with Rhizopus oryzae. An experimental approach was conducted to examine the cause–and–effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Methods: This study employed a simple completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replicates per treatment. The completely randomized design is the simplest of the available designs. No blocking was used; therefore, variation was attributed to treatment effects and experimental error. The study used a simple Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and an Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test (Tukey’s test) at the 5% significance level, using SPSS version 16.

Results: Fermentation with R. oryzae was associated with a higher nutrient composition in Avicennia marina leaf flour. Four days of fermentation is chosen as the best treatment, with the highest protein content of 19.95%, 9.58% of water content, 10.89% of ash content, 6.37% of fat, 13% of crude fiber, and has 5.02 of pH. The product has 16 kinds of amino acid and Glutamic acid (non-essential) was found to have the highest content.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the fermentation process shows a beneficial effect on the nutritional value of fermented Avicennia marina leaf flour, and the duration of fermentation is crucial to control the product content. Accordingly, further studies are required to achieve more robust outcomes and to optimize the utilization of fermented Avicennia marina leaf flour.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CARE HISTORY DURING PREGNANCY AND COLOSTRUM VOLUME IN 2–6 HOURS POSTPARTUM MOTHERS

2026-01-24T16:21:57+07:00

Background: Colostrum is the first breast milk produced and plays a crucial role in protecting the newborn's immune system. However, in some postpartum mothers, colostrum production in the early hours after delivery is not optimal. One measure thought to play a role in increasing lactation readiness is breast care during pregnancy. Quantitative evidence directly linking antenatal breast care to colostrum volume in the early hours postpartum is limited.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between breast care history during pregnancy and colostrum volume in postpartum mothers 2–6 hours.

Methods: This quantitative study used a cross-sectional design in 30 mothers 2–6 hours postpartum, selected using total sampling. Breast care history was collected through a structured questionnaire, while colostrum volume was measured directly using manual pumping and a measuring cup (mL). Data analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney test.

Results: Mothers with a history of breast care during pregnancy had significantly higher colostrum volumes than mothers without breast care (U=33.50; Z=-3.07; p=0.002). This difference in median colostrum volumes suggests clinical significance in supporting early breastfeeding initiation in the early postpartum hours.

Conclusion: Breast care history during pregnancy is significantly associated with colostrum volume in mothers 2–6 hours postpartum. Integrating breast care education and practices into antenatal care has the potential to support early breastfeeding success.